Since Russia was exposed to having tampered with athletes anti-doping testing bottles, it caused a pandemonium amongst anti-doping agencies, sports administrators, international federations, and the most vulnerable - the athletes. It still remains the biggest scandal...

There have been many instances where athletes have claimed they unknowingly ingested the prohibited substances, or they were advised by their Athlete Support Personnel (ASP) to take a supplement (that was unknowingly contaminated). This is considered as inadvertent...

Currently, the World Anti-Doping Code has ten (10) Anti-Doping Rule Violations (ADRVs) in which athletes can be sanctioned. Usually, the results management process is under the jurisdiction of the athlete’s national anti-doping organisation or in some cases the...